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author MrJuneJune <me@mrjunejune.com>
date Sun, 15 Feb 2026 11:07:52 -0800
parents 94705b5986b3
children
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1 <!DOCTYPE html>
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2 <html>
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3 <head>
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4 <title>Profiler</title>
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5 <meta charset="utf-8">
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6 <meta name="Copyright" content="Copyright (C) 2005-2023">
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7 <meta name="Language" content="en">
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8 <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="bluequad.css" media="screen">
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9 <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="bluequad-print.css" media="print">
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10 </head>
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11 <body>
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12 <div id="site">
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13 <a href="https://luajit.org"><span>Lua<span id="logo">JIT</span></span></a>
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14 </div>
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15 <div id="head">
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16 <h1>Profiler</h1>
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17 </div>
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18 <div id="nav">
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19 <ul><li>
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20 <a href="luajit.html">LuaJIT</a>
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21 <ul><li>
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22 <a href="https://luajit.org/download.html">Download <span class="ext">&raquo;</span></a>
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23 </li><li>
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24 <a href="install.html">Installation</a>
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25 </li><li>
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26 <a href="running.html">Running</a>
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27 </li></ul>
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28 </li><li>
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29 <a href="extensions.html">Extensions</a>
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30 <ul><li>
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31 <a href="ext_ffi.html">FFI Library</a>
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32 <ul><li>
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33 <a href="ext_ffi_tutorial.html">FFI Tutorial</a>
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34 </li><li>
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35 <a href="ext_ffi_api.html">ffi.* API</a>
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36 </li><li>
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37 <a href="ext_ffi_semantics.html">FFI Semantics</a>
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38 </li></ul>
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39 </li><li>
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40 <a href="ext_buffer.html">String Buffers</a>
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41 </li><li>
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42 <a href="ext_jit.html">jit.* Library</a>
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43 </li><li>
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44 <a href="ext_c_api.html">Lua/C API</a>
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45 </li><li>
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46 <a class="current" href="ext_profiler.html">Profiler</a>
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47 </li></ul>
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48 </li><li>
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49 <a href="https://luajit.org/status.html">Status <span class="ext">&raquo;</span></a>
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50 </li><li>
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51 <a href="https://luajit.org/faq.html">FAQ <span class="ext">&raquo;</span></a>
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52 </li><li>
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53 <a href="https://luajit.org/list.html">Mailing List <span class="ext">&raquo;</span></a>
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54 </li></ul>
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55 </div>
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56 <div id="main">
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57 <p>
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58 LuaJIT has an integrated statistical profiler with very low overhead. It
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59 allows sampling the currently executing stack and other parameters in
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60 regular intervals.
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61 </p>
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62 <p>
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63 The integrated profiler can be accessed from three levels:
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64 </p>
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65 <ul>
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66 <li>The <a href="#hl_profiler">bundled high-level profiler</a>, invoked by the
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67 <a href="#j_p"><tt>-jp</tt></a> command line option.</li>
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68 <li>A <a href="#ll_lua_api">low-level Lua API</a> to control the profiler.</li>
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69 <li>A <a href="#ll_c_api">low-level C API</a> to control the profiler.</li>
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70 </ul>
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71
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72 <h2 id="hl_profiler">High-Level Profiler</h2>
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73 <p>
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74 The bundled high-level profiler offers basic profiling functionality. It
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75 generates simple textual summaries or source code annotations. It can be
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76 accessed with the <a href="#j_p"><tt>-jp</tt></a> command line option
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77 or from Lua code by loading the underlying <tt>jit.p</tt> module.
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78 </p>
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79 <p>
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80 To cut to the chase &mdash; run this to get a CPU usage profile by
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81 function name:
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82 </p>
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83 <pre class="code">
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84 luajit -jp myapp.lua
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85 </pre>
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86 <p>
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87 It's <em>not</em> a stated goal of the bundled profiler to add every
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88 possible option or to cater for special profiling needs. The low-level
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89 profiler APIs are documented below. They may be used by third-party
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90 authors to implement advanced functionality, e.g. IDE integration or
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91 graphical profilers.
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92 </p>
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93 <p>
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94 Note: Sampling works for both interpreted and JIT-compiled code. The
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95 results for JIT-compiled code may sometimes be surprising. LuaJIT
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96 heavily optimizes and inlines Lua code &mdash; there's no simple
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97 one-to-one correspondence between source code lines and the sampled
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98 machine code.
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99 </p>
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100
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101 <h3 id="j_p"><tt>-jp=[options[,output]]</tt></h3>
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102 <p>
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103 The <tt>-jp</tt> command line option starts the high-level profiler.
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104 When the application run by the command line terminates, the profiler
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105 stops and writes the results to <tt>stdout</tt> or to the specified
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106 <tt>output</tt> file.
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107 </p>
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108 <p>
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109 The <tt>options</tt> argument specifies how the profiling is to be
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110 performed:
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111 </p>
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112 <ul>
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113 <li><tt>f</tt> &mdash; Stack dump: function name, otherwise module:line.
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114 This is the default mode.</li>
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115 <li><tt>F</tt> &mdash; Stack dump: ditto, but dump module:name.</li>
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116 <li><tt>l</tt> &mdash; Stack dump: module:line.</li>
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117 <li><tt>&lt;number&gt;</tt> &mdash; stack dump depth (callee &larr;
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118 caller). Default: 1.</li>
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119 <li><tt>-&lt;number&gt;</tt> &mdash; Inverse stack dump depth (caller
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120 &rarr; callee).</li>
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121 <li><tt>s</tt> &mdash; Split stack dump after first stack level. Implies
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122 depth&nbsp;&ge;&nbsp;2 or depth&nbsp;&le;&nbsp;-2.</li>
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123 <li><tt>p</tt> &mdash; Show full path for module names.</li>
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124 <li><tt>v</tt> &mdash; Show VM states.</li>
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125 <li><tt>z</tt> &mdash; Show <a href="#jit_zone">zones</a>.</li>
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126 <li><tt>r</tt> &mdash; Show raw sample counts. Default: show percentages.</li>
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127 <li><tt>a</tt> &mdash; Annotate excerpts from source code files.</li>
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128 <li><tt>A</tt> &mdash; Annotate complete source code files.</li>
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129 <li><tt>G</tt> &mdash; Produce raw output suitable for graphical tools.</li>
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130 <li><tt>m&lt;number&gt;</tt> &mdash; Minimum sample percentage to be shown.
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131 Default: 3%.</li>
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132 <li><tt>i&lt;number&gt;</tt> &mdash; Sampling interval in milliseconds.
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133 Default: 10ms.<br>
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134 Note: The actual sampling precision is OS-dependent.</li>
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135 </ul>
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136 <p>
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137 The default output for <tt>-jp</tt> is a list of the most CPU consuming
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138 spots in the application. Increasing the stack dump depth with (say)
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139 <tt>-jp=2</tt> may help to point out the main callers or callees of
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140 hotspots. But sample aggregation is still flat per unique stack dump.
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141 </p>
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142 <p>
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143 To get a two-level view (split view) of callers/callees, use
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144 <tt>-jp=s</tt> or <tt>-jp=-s</tt>. The percentages shown for the second
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145 level are relative to the first level.
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146 </p>
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147 <p>
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148 To see how much time is spent in each line relative to a function, use
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149 <tt>-jp=fl</tt>.
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150 </p>
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151 <p>
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152 To see how much time is spent in different VM states or
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153 <a href="#jit_zone">zones</a>, use <tt>-jp=v</tt> or <tt>-jp=z</tt>.
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154 </p>
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155 <p>
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156 Combinations of <tt>v/z</tt> with <tt>f/F/l</tt> produce two-level
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157 views, e.g. <tt>-jp=vf</tt> or <tt>-jp=fv</tt>. This shows the time
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158 spent in a VM state or zone vs. hotspots. This can be used to answer
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159 questions like "Which time-consuming functions are only interpreted?" or
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160 "What's the garbage collector overhead for a specific function?".
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161 </p>
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162 <p>
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163 Multiple options can be combined &mdash; but not all combinations make
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164 sense, see above. E.g. <tt>-jp=3si4m1</tt> samples three stack levels
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165 deep in 4ms intervals and shows a split view of the CPU consuming
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166 functions and their callers with a 1% threshold.
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167 </p>
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168 <p>
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169 Source code annotations produced by <tt>-jp=a</tt> or <tt>-jp=A</tt> are
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170 always flat and at the line level. Obviously, the source code files need
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171 to be readable by the profiler script.
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172 </p>
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173 <p>
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174 The high-level profiler can also be started and stopped from Lua code with:
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175 </p>
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176 <pre class="code">
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177 require("jit.p").start(options, output)
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178 ...
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179 require("jit.p").stop()
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180 </pre>
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181
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182 <h3 id="jit_zone"><tt>jit.zone</tt> &mdash; Zones</h3>
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183 <p>
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184 Zones can be used to provide information about different parts of an
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185 application to the high-level profiler. E.g. a game could make use of an
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186 <tt>"AI"</tt> zone, a <tt>"PHYS"</tt> zone, etc. Zones are hierarchical,
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187 organized as a stack.
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188 </p>
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189 <p>
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190 The <tt>jit.zone</tt> module needs to be loaded explicitly:
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191 </p>
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192 <pre class="code">
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193 local zone = require("jit.zone")
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194 </pre>
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195 <ul>
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196 <li><tt>zone("name")</tt> pushes a named zone to the zone stack.</li>
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197 <li><tt>zone()</tt> pops the current zone from the zone stack and
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198 returns its name.</li>
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199 <li><tt>zone:get()</tt> returns the current zone name or <tt>nil</tt>.</li>
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200 <li><tt>zone:flush()</tt> flushes the zone stack.</li>
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201 </ul>
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202 <p>
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203 To show the time spent in each zone use <tt>-jp=z</tt>. To show the time
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204 spent relative to hotspots use e.g. <tt>-jp=zf</tt> or <tt>-jp=fz</tt>.
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205 </p>
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206
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207 <h2 id="ll_lua_api">Low-level Lua API</h2>
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208 <p>
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209 The <tt>jit.profile</tt> module gives access to the low-level API of the
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210 profiler from Lua code. This module needs to be loaded explicitly:
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211 <pre class="code">
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212 local profile = require("jit.profile")
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213 </pre>
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214 <p>
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215 This module can be used to implement your own higher-level profiler.
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216 A typical profiling run starts the profiler, captures stack dumps in
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217 the profiler callback, adds them to a hash table to aggregate the number
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218 of samples, stops the profiler and then analyzes all captured
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219 stack dumps. Other parameters can be sampled in the profiler callback,
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220 too. But it's important not to spend too much time in the callback,
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221 since this may skew the statistics.
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222 </p>
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223
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224 <h3 id="profile_start"><tt>profile.start(mode, cb)</tt>
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225 &mdash; Start profiler</h3>
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226 <p>
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227 This function starts the profiler. The <tt>mode</tt> argument is a
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228 string holding options:
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229 </p>
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230 <ul>
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231 <li><tt>f</tt> &mdash; Profile with precision down to the function level.</li>
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232 <li><tt>l</tt> &mdash; Profile with precision down to the line level.</li>
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233 <li><tt>i&lt;number&gt;</tt> &mdash; Sampling interval in milliseconds (default
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234 10ms).</br>
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235 Note: The actual sampling precision is OS-dependent.
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236 </li>
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237 </ul>
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238 <p>
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239 The <tt>cb</tt> argument is a callback function which is called with
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240 three arguments: <tt>(thread, samples, vmstate)</tt>. The callback is
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241 called on a separate coroutine, the <tt>thread</tt> argument is the
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242 state that holds the stack to sample for profiling. Note: do
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243 <em>not</em> modify the stack of that state or call functions on it.
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244 </p>
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245 <p>
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246 <tt>samples</tt> gives the number of accumulated samples since the last
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247 callback (usually 1).
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248 </p>
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249 <p>
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250 <tt>vmstate</tt> holds the VM state at the time the profiling timer
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251 triggered. This may or may not correspond to the state of the VM when
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252 the profiling callback is called. The state is either <tt>'N'</tt>
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253 native (compiled) code, <tt>'I'</tt> interpreted code, <tt>'C'</tt>
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254 C&nbsp;code, <tt>'G'</tt> the garbage collector, or <tt>'J'</tt> the JIT
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255 compiler.
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256 </p>
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257
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258 <h3 id="profile_stop"><tt>profile.stop()</tt>
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259 &mdash; Stop profiler</h3>
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260 <p>
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261 This function stops the profiler.
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262 </p>
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263
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264 <h3 id="profile_dump"><tt>dump = profile.dumpstack([thread,] fmt, depth)</tt>
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265 &mdash; Dump stack </h3>
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266 <p>
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267 This function allows taking stack dumps in an efficient manner. It
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268 returns a string with a stack dump for the <tt>thread</tt> (coroutine),
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269 formatted according to the <tt>fmt</tt> argument:
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270 </p>
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271 <ul>
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272 <li><tt>p</tt> &mdash; Preserve the full path for module names. Otherwise,
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273 only the file name is used.</li>
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274 <li><tt>f</tt> &mdash; Dump the function name if it can be derived. Otherwise,
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275 use module:line.</li>
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276 <li><tt>F</tt> &mdash; Ditto, but dump module:name.</li>
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277 <li><tt>l</tt> &mdash; Dump module:line.</li>
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278 <li><tt>Z</tt> &mdash; Zap the following characters for the last dumped
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279 frame.</li>
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280 <li>All other characters are added verbatim to the output string.</li>
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281 </ul>
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282 <p>
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283 The <tt>depth</tt> argument gives the number of frames to dump, starting
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284 at the topmost frame of the thread. A negative number dumps the frames in
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285 inverse order.
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286 </p>
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287 <p>
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288 The first example prints a list of the current module names and line
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289 numbers of up to 10 frames in separate lines. The second example prints
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290 semicolon-separated function names for all frames (up to 100) in inverse
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291 order:
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292 </p>
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293 <pre class="code">
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294 print(profile.dumpstack(thread, "l\n", 10))
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295 print(profile.dumpstack(thread, "lZ;", -100))
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296 </pre>
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297
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298 <h2 id="ll_c_api">Low-level C API</h2>
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299 <p>
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300 The profiler can be controlled directly from C&nbsp;code, e.g. for
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301 use by IDEs. The declarations are in <tt>"luajit.h"</tt> (see
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302 <a href="ext_c_api.html">Lua/C API</a> extensions).
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303 </p>
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304
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305 <h3 id="luaJIT_profile_start"><tt>luaJIT_profile_start(L, mode, cb, data)</tt>
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306 &mdash; Start profiler</h3>
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307 <p>
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308 This function starts the profiler. <a href="#profile_start">See
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309 above</a> for a description of the <tt>mode</tt> argument.
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310 </p>
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311 <p>
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312 The <tt>cb</tt> argument is a callback function with the following
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313 declaration:
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314 </p>
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315 <pre class="code">
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316 typedef void (*luaJIT_profile_callback)(void *data, lua_State *L,
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317 int samples, int vmstate);
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318 </pre>
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319 <p>
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320 <tt>data</tt> is available for use by the callback. <tt>L</tt> is the
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321 state that holds the stack to sample for profiling. Note: do
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322 <em>not</em> modify this stack or call functions on this stack &mdash;
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323 use a separate coroutine for this purpose. <a href="#profile_start">See
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324 above</a> for a description of <tt>samples</tt> and <tt>vmstate</tt>.
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325 </p>
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326
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327 <h3 id="luaJIT_profile_stop"><tt>luaJIT_profile_stop(L)</tt>
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328 &mdash; Stop profiler</h3>
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329 <p>
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330 This function stops the profiler.
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331 </p>
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332
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333 <h3 id="luaJIT_profile_dumpstack"><tt>p = luaJIT_profile_dumpstack(L, fmt, depth, len)</tt>
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334 &mdash; Dump stack </h3>
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335 <p>
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336 This function allows taking stack dumps in an efficient manner.
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337 <a href="#profile_dump">See above</a> for a description of <tt>fmt</tt>
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338 and <tt>depth</tt>.
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339 </p>
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340 <p>
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341 This function returns a <tt>const&nbsp;char&nbsp;*</tt> pointing to a
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342 private string buffer of the profiler. The <tt>int&nbsp;*len</tt>
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343 argument returns the length of the output string. The buffer is
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344 overwritten on the next call and deallocated when the profiler stops.
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345 You either need to consume the content immediately or copy it for later
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346 use.
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347 </p>
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348 <br class="flush">
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349 </div>
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350 <div id="foot">
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351 <hr class="hide">
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352 Copyright &copy; 2005-2023
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353 <span class="noprint">
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354 &middot;
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355 <a href="contact.html">Contact</a>
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356 </span>
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357 </div>
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358 </body>
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359 </html>