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Merged in keep alive changes and mrjunejune changes.
author MrJuneJune <me@mrjunejune.com>
date Fri, 23 Jan 2026 22:22:30 -0800
parents 94705b5986b3
children
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1 <!DOCTYPE html>
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2 <html>
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3 <head>
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4 <title>Extensions</title>
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5 <meta charset="utf-8">
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6 <meta name="Copyright" content="Copyright (C) 2005-2023">
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7 <meta name="Language" content="en">
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8 <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="bluequad.css" media="screen">
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9 <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="bluequad-print.css" media="print">
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10 <style type="text/css">
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11 table.exc {
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12 line-height: 1.2;
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13 }
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14 tr.exchead td {
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15 font-weight: bold;
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16 }
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17 td.excplatform {
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18 width: 48%;
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19 }
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20 td.exccompiler {
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21 width: 29%;
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22 }
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23 td.excinterop {
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24 width: 23%;
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25 }
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26 </style>
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27 </head>
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28 <body>
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29 <div id="site">
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30 <a href="https://luajit.org"><span>Lua<span id="logo">JIT</span></span></a>
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31 </div>
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32 <div id="head">
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33 <h1>Extensions</h1>
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34 </div>
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35 <div id="nav">
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36 <ul><li>
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37 <a href="luajit.html">LuaJIT</a>
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38 <ul><li>
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39 <a href="https://luajit.org/download.html">Download <span class="ext">&raquo;</span></a>
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40 </li><li>
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41 <a href="install.html">Installation</a>
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42 </li><li>
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43 <a href="running.html">Running</a>
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44 </li></ul>
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45 </li><li>
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46 <a class="current" href="extensions.html">Extensions</a>
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47 <ul><li>
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48 <a href="ext_ffi.html">FFI Library</a>
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49 <ul><li>
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50 <a href="ext_ffi_tutorial.html">FFI Tutorial</a>
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51 </li><li>
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52 <a href="ext_ffi_api.html">ffi.* API</a>
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53 </li><li>
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54 <a href="ext_ffi_semantics.html">FFI Semantics</a>
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55 </li></ul>
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56 </li><li>
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57 <a href="ext_buffer.html">String Buffers</a>
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58 </li><li>
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59 <a href="ext_jit.html">jit.* Library</a>
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60 </li><li>
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61 <a href="ext_c_api.html">Lua/C API</a>
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62 </li><li>
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63 <a href="ext_profiler.html">Profiler</a>
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64 </li></ul>
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65 </li><li>
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66 <a href="https://luajit.org/status.html">Status <span class="ext">&raquo;</span></a>
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67 </li><li>
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68 <a href="https://luajit.org/faq.html">FAQ <span class="ext">&raquo;</span></a>
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69 </li><li>
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70 <a href="https://luajit.org/list.html">Mailing List <span class="ext">&raquo;</span></a>
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71 </li></ul>
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72 </div>
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73 <div id="main">
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74
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75 <p>
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76 LuaJIT is fully upwards-compatible with Lua 5.1. It supports all
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77 <a href="https://www.lua.org/manual/5.1/manual.html#5"><span class="ext">&raquo;</span>&nbsp;standard Lua
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78 library functions</a> and the full set of
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79 <a href="https://www.lua.org/manual/5.1/manual.html#3"><span class="ext">&raquo;</span>&nbsp;Lua/C API
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80 functions</a>.
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81 </p>
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82 <p>
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83 LuaJIT is also fully ABI-compatible to Lua 5.1 at the linker/dynamic
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84 loader level. This means you can compile a C&nbsp;module against the
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85 standard Lua headers and load the same shared library from either Lua
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86 or LuaJIT.
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87 </p>
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88 <p>
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89 LuaJIT extends the standard Lua VM with new functionality and adds
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90 several extension modules. Please note, this page is only about
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91 <em>functional</em> enhancements and not about performance enhancements,
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92 such as the optimized VM, the faster interpreter or the JIT compiler.
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93 </p>
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94
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95 <h2 id="modules">Extensions Modules</h2>
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96 <p>
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97 LuaJIT comes with several built-in extension modules:
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98 </p>
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99
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100 <h3 id="bit"><tt>bit.*</tt> &mdash; Bitwise operations</h3>
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101 <p>
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102 LuaJIT supports all bitwise operations as defined by
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103 <a href="https://bitop.luajit.org"><span class="ext">&raquo;</span>&nbsp;Lua BitOp</a>:
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104 </p>
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105 <pre class="code">
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106 bit.tobit bit.tohex bit.bnot bit.band bit.bor bit.bxor
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107 bit.lshift bit.rshift bit.arshift bit.rol bit.ror bit.bswap
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108 </pre>
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109 <p>
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110 This module is a LuaJIT built-in &mdash; you don't need to download or
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111 install Lua BitOp. The Lua BitOp site has full documentation for all
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112 <a href="https://bitop.luajit.org/api.html"><span class="ext">&raquo;</span>&nbsp;Lua BitOp API functions</a>.
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113 The FFI adds support for
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114 <a href="ext_ffi_semantics.html#cdata_arith">64&nbsp;bit bitwise operations</a>,
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115 using the same API functions.
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116 </p>
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117 <p>
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118 Please make sure to <tt>require</tt> the module before using any of
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119 its functions:
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120 </p>
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121 <pre class="code">
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122 local bit = require("bit")
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123 </pre>
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124 <p>
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125 An already installed Lua BitOp module is ignored by LuaJIT.
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126 This way you can use bit operations from both Lua and LuaJIT on a
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127 shared installation.
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128 </p>
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129
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130 <h3 id="ffi"><tt>ffi.*</tt> &mdash; FFI library</h3>
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131 <p>
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132 The <a href="ext_ffi.html">FFI library</a> allows calling external
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133 C&nbsp;functions and the use of C&nbsp;data structures from pure Lua
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134 code.
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135 </p>
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136
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137 <h3 id="jit"><tt>jit.*</tt> &mdash; JIT compiler control</h3>
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138 <p>
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139 The functions in this module
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140 <a href="ext_jit.html">control the behavior of the JIT compiler engine</a>.
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141 </p>
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142
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143 <h3 id="c_api">C API extensions</h3>
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144 <p>
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145 LuaJIT adds some
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146 <a href="ext_c_api.html">extra functions to the Lua/C API</a>.
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147 </p>
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148
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149 <h3 id="profiler">Profiler</h3>
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150 <p>
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151 LuaJIT has an <a href="ext_profiler.html">integrated profiler</a>.
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152 </p>
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153
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154 <h2 id="library">Enhanced Standard Library Functions</h2>
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155
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156 <h3 id="xpcall"><tt>xpcall(f, err [,args...])</tt> passes arguments</h3>
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157 <p>
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158 Unlike the standard implementation in Lua 5.1, <tt>xpcall()</tt>
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159 passes any arguments after the error function to the function
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160 which is called in a protected context.
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161 </p>
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162
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163 <h3 id="load"><tt>loadfile()</tt> etc. handle UTF-8 source code</h3>
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164 <p>
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165 Non-ASCII characters are handled transparently by the Lua source code parser.
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166 This allows the use of UTF-8 characters in identifiers and strings.
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167 A UTF-8 BOM is skipped at the start of the source code.
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168 </p>
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169
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170 <h3 id="tostring"><tt>tostring()</tt> etc. canonicalize NaN and &plusmn;Inf</h3>
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171 <p>
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172 All number-to-string conversions consistently convert non-finite numbers
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173 to the same strings on all platforms. NaN results in <tt>"nan"</tt>,
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174 positive infinity results in <tt>"inf"</tt> and negative infinity results
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175 in <tt>"-inf"</tt>.
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176 </p>
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177
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178 <h3 id="tonumber"><tt>tonumber()</tt> etc. use builtin string to number conversion</h3>
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179 <p>
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180 All string-to-number conversions consistently convert integer and
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181 floating-point inputs in decimal, hexadecimal and binary on all platforms.
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182 <tt>strtod()</tt> is <em>not</em> used anymore, which avoids numerous
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183 problems with poor C library implementations. The builtin conversion
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184 function provides full precision according to the IEEE-754 standard, it
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185 works independently of the current locale and it supports hex floating-point
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186 numbers (e.g. <tt>0x1.5p-3</tt>).
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187 </p>
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188
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189 <h3 id="string_dump"><tt>string.dump(f [,strip])</tt> generates portable bytecode</h3>
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190 <p>
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191 An extra argument has been added to <tt>string.dump()</tt>. If set to
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192 <tt>true</tt>, 'stripped' bytecode without debug information is
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193 generated. This speeds up later bytecode loading and reduces memory
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194 usage. See also the
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195 <a href="running.html#opt_b"><tt>-b</tt> command line option</a>.
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196 </p>
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197 <p>
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198 The generated bytecode is portable and can be loaded on any architecture
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199 that LuaJIT supports, independent of word size or endianess. However, the
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200 bytecode compatibility versions must match. Bytecode stays compatible
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201 for dot releases (x.y.0 &rarr; x.y.1), but may change with major or
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202 minor releases (2.0 &rarr; 2.1) or between any beta release. Foreign
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203 bytecode (e.g. from Lua 5.1) is incompatible and cannot be loaded.
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204 </p>
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205 <p>
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206 Note: <tt>LJ_GC64</tt> mode requires a different frame layout, which implies
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207 a different, incompatible bytecode format for all 64 bit ports. This may be
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208 rectified in the future.
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209 </p>
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210
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211 <h3 id="table_new"><tt>table.new(narray, nhash)</tt> allocates a pre-sized table</h3>
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212 <p>
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213 An extra library function <tt>table.new()</tt> can be made available via
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214 <tt>require("table.new")</tt>. This creates a pre-sized table, just like
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215 the C API equivalent <tt>lua_createtable()</tt>. This is useful for big
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216 tables if the final table size is known and automatic table resizing is
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217 too expensive.
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218 </p>
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219
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220 <h3 id="table_clear"><tt>table.clear(tab)</tt> clears a table</h3>
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221 <p>
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222 An extra library function <tt>table.clear()</tt> can be made available
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223 via <tt>require("table.clear")</tt>. This clears all keys and values
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224 from a table, but preserves the allocated array/hash sizes. This is
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225 useful when a table, which is linked from multiple places, needs to be
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226 cleared and/or when recycling a table for use by the same context. This
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227 avoids managing backlinks, saves an allocation and the overhead of
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228 incremental array/hash part growth.
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229 </p>
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230 <p>
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231 Please note, this function is meant for very specific situations. In most
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232 cases it's better to replace the (usually single) link with a new table
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233 and let the GC do its work.
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234 </p>
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235
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236 <h3 id="math_random">Enhanced PRNG for <tt>math.random()</tt></h3>
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237 <p>
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238 LuaJIT uses a Tausworthe PRNG with period 2^223 to implement
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239 <tt>math.random()</tt> and <tt>math.randomseed()</tt>. The quality of
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240 the PRNG results is much superior compared to the standard Lua
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241 implementation, which uses the platform-specific ANSI rand().
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242 </p>
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243 <p>
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244 The PRNG generates the same sequences from the same seeds on all
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245 platforms and makes use of all bits in the seed argument.
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246 <tt>math.random()</tt> without arguments generates 52 pseudo-random bits
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247 for every call. The result is uniformly distributed between 0.0 and 1.0.
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248 It's correctly scaled up and rounded for <tt>math.random(n&nbsp;[,m])</tt> to
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249 preserve uniformity.
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250 </p>
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251 <p>
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252 Important: Neither this nor any other PRNG based on the simplistic
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253 <tt>math.random()</tt> API is suitable for cryptographic use.
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254 </p>
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255
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256 <h3 id="io"><tt>io.*</tt> functions handle 64&nbsp;bit file offsets</h3>
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257 <p>
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258 The file I/O functions in the standard <tt>io.*</tt> library handle
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259 64&nbsp;bit file offsets. In particular, this means it's possible
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260 to open files larger than 2&nbsp;Gigabytes and to reposition or obtain
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261 the current file position for offsets beyond 2&nbsp;GB
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262 (<tt>fp:seek()</tt> method).
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263 </p>
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264
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265 <h3 id="debug_meta"><tt>debug.*</tt> functions identify metamethods</h3>
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266 <p>
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267 <tt>debug.getinfo()</tt> and <tt>lua_getinfo()</tt> also return information
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268 about invoked metamethods. The <tt>namewhat</tt> field is set to
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269 <tt>"metamethod"</tt> and the <tt>name</tt> field has the name of
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270 the corresponding metamethod (e.g. <tt>"__index"</tt>).
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271 </p>
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272
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273 <h2 id="resumable">Fully Resumable VM</h2>
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274 <p>
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275 The LuaJIT VM is fully resumable. This means you can yield from a
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276 coroutine even across contexts, where this would not possible with
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277 the standard Lua&nbsp;5.1 VM: e.g. you can yield across <tt>pcall()</tt>
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278 and <tt>xpcall()</tt>, across iterators and across metamethods.
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279 </p>
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280
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281 <h2 id="lua52">Extensions from Lua 5.2</h2>
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282 <p>
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283 LuaJIT supports some language and library extensions from Lua&nbsp;5.2.
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284 Features that are unlikely to break existing code are unconditionally
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285 enabled:
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286 </p>
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287 <ul>
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288 <li><tt>goto</tt> and <tt>::labels::</tt>.</li>
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289 <li>Hex escapes <tt>'\x3F'</tt> and <tt>'\*'</tt> escape in strings.</li>
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290 <li><tt>load(string|reader [, chunkname [,mode [,env]]])</tt>.</li>
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291 <li><tt>loadstring()</tt> is an alias for <tt>load()</tt>.</li>
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292 <li><tt>loadfile(filename [,mode [,env]])</tt>.</li>
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293 <li><tt>math.log(x [,base])</tt>.</li>
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294 <li><tt>string.rep(s, n [,sep])</tt>.</li>
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295 <li><tt>string.format()</tt>: <tt>%q</tt> reversible.
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296 <tt>%s</tt> checks <tt>__tostring</tt>.
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297 <tt>%a</tt> and <tt>"%A</tt> added.</li>
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298 <li>String matching pattern <tt>%g</tt> added.</li>
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299 <li><tt>io.read("*L")</tt>.</li>
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300 <li><tt>io.lines()</tt> and <tt>file:lines()</tt> process
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301 <tt>io.read()</tt> options.</li>
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302 <li><tt>os.exit(status|true|false [,close])</tt>.</li>
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303 <li><tt>package.searchpath(name, path [, sep [, rep]])</tt>.</li>
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304 <li><tt>package.loadlib(name, "*")</tt>.</li>
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305 <li><tt>debug.getinfo()</tt> returns <tt>nparams</tt> and <tt>isvararg</tt>
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306 for option <tt>"u"</tt>.</li>
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307 <li><tt>debug.getlocal()</tt> accepts function instead of level.</li>
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308 <li><tt>debug.getlocal()</tt> and <tt>debug.setlocal()</tt> accept negative
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309 indexes for varargs.</li>
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310 <li><tt>debug.getupvalue()</tt> and <tt>debug.setupvalue()</tt> handle
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311 C&nbsp;functions.</li>
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312 <li><tt>debug.upvalueid()</tt> and <tt>debug.upvaluejoin()</tt>.</li>
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313 <li>Lua/C API extensions:
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314 <tt>lua_version()</tt>
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315 <tt>lua_upvalueid()</tt>
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316 <tt>lua_upvaluejoin()</tt>
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317 <tt>lua_loadx()</tt>
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318 <tt>lua_copy()</tt>
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319 <tt>lua_tonumberx()</tt>
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320 <tt>lua_tointegerx()</tt>
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321 <tt>luaL_fileresult()</tt>
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322 <tt>luaL_execresult()</tt>
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323 <tt>luaL_loadfilex()</tt>
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324 <tt>luaL_loadbufferx()</tt>
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325 <tt>luaL_traceback()</tt>
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326 <tt>luaL_setfuncs()</tt>
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327 <tt>luaL_pushmodule()</tt>
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328 <tt>luaL_newlibtable()</tt>
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329 <tt>luaL_newlib()</tt>
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330 <tt>luaL_testudata()</tt>
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331 <tt>luaL_setmetatable()</tt>
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332 </li>
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333 <li>Command line option <tt>-E</tt>.</li>
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334 <li>Command line checks <tt>__tostring</tt> for errors.</li>
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335 </ul>
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336 <p>
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337 Other features are only enabled, if LuaJIT is built with
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338 <tt>-DLUAJIT_ENABLE_LUA52COMPAT</tt>:
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339 </p>
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340 <ul>
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341 <li><tt>goto</tt> is a keyword and not a valid variable name anymore.</li>
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342 <li><tt>break</tt> can be placed anywhere. Empty statements (<tt>;;</tt>)
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343 are allowed.</li>
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344 <li><tt>__lt</tt>, <tt>__le</tt> are invoked for mixed types.</li>
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345 <li><tt>__len</tt> for tables. <tt>rawlen()</tt> library function.</li>
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346 <li><tt>pairs()</tt> and <tt>ipairs()</tt> check for <tt>__pairs</tt> and
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347 <tt>__ipairs</tt>.</li>
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348 <li><tt>coroutine.running()</tt> returns two results.</li>
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349 <li><tt>table.pack()</tt> and <tt>table.unpack()</tt>
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350 (same as <tt>unpack()</tt>).</li>
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351 <li><tt>io.write()</tt> and <tt>file:write()</tt> return file handle
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352 instead of <tt>true</tt>.</li>
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353 <li><tt>os.execute()</tt> and <tt>pipe:close()</tt> return detailed
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354 exit status.</li>
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355 <li><tt>debug.setmetatable()</tt> returns object.</li>
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356 <li><tt>debug.getuservalue()</tt> and <tt>debug.setuservalue()</tt>.</li>
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357 <li>Remove <tt>math.mod()</tt>, <tt>string.gfind()</tt>.</li>
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358 <li><tt>package.searchers</tt>.</li>
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359 <li><tt>module()</tt> returns the module table.</li>
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360 </ul>
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361 <p>
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362 Note: this provides only partial compatibility with Lua 5.2 at the
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363 language and Lua library level. LuaJIT is API+ABI-compatible with
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364 Lua&nbsp;5.1, which prevents implementing features that would otherwise
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365 break the Lua/C API and ABI (e.g. <tt>_ENV</tt>).
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366 </p>
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367
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368 <h2 id="lua53">Extensions from Lua 5.3</h2>
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369 <p>
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370 LuaJIT supports some extensions from Lua&nbsp;5.3:
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371 <ul>
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372 <li>Unicode escape <tt>'\u{XX...}'</tt> embeds the UTF-8 encoding in string literals.</li>
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373 <li>The argument table <tt>arg</tt> can be read (and modified) by <tt>LUA_INIT</tt> and <tt>-e</tt> chunks.</li>
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374 <li><tt>io.read()</tt> and <tt>file:read()</tt> accept formats with or without a leading <tt>*</tt>.</li>
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375 <li><tt>assert()</tt> accepts any type of error object.</li>
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376 <li><tt>table.move(a1, f, e, t [,a2])</tt>.</li>
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377 <li><tt>coroutine.isyieldable()</tt>.</li>
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378 <li>Lua/C API extensions:
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379 <tt>lua_isyieldable()</tt>
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380 </li>
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381 </ul>
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382
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383 <h2 id="exceptions">C++ Exception Interoperability</h2>
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384 <p>
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385 LuaJIT has built-in support for interoperating with C++&nbsp;exceptions.
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386 The available range of features depends on the target platform and
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387 the toolchain used to compile LuaJIT:
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388 </p>
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389 <table class="exc">
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390 <tr class="exchead">
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391 <td class="excplatform">Platform</td>
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392 <td class="exccompiler">Compiler</td>
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393 <td class="excinterop">Interoperability</td>
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394 </tr>
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395 <tr class="odd separate">
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396 <td class="excplatform">External frame unwinding</td>
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397 <td class="exccompiler">GCC, Clang, MSVC</td>
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398 <td class="excinterop"><b style="color: #00a000;">Full</b></td>
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399 </tr>
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400 <tr class="even">
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401 <td class="excplatform">Internal frame unwinding + DWARF2</td>
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402 <td class="exccompiler">GCC, Clang</td>
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403 <td class="excinterop"><b style="color: #c06000;">Limited</b></td>
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404 </tr>
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405 <tr class="odd">
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406 <td class="excplatform">Windows 64 bit</td>
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407 <td class="exccompiler">non-MSVC</td>
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408 <td class="excinterop"><b style="color: #c06000;">Limited</b></td>
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409 </tr>
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410 <tr class="even">
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411 <td class="excplatform">Other platforms</td>
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412 <td class="exccompiler">Other compilers</td>
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413 <td class="excinterop"><b style="color: #a00000;">No</b></td>
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414 </tr>
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415 </table>
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416 <p>
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417 <b style="color: #00a000;">Full interoperability</b> means:
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418 </p>
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419 <ul>
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420 <li>C++&nbsp;exceptions can be caught on the Lua side with <tt>pcall()</tt>,
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421 <tt>lua_pcall()</tt> etc.</li>
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422 <li>C++&nbsp;exceptions will be converted to the generic Lua error
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423 <tt>"C++&nbsp;exception"</tt>, unless you use the
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424 <a href="ext_c_api.html#mode_wrapcfunc">C&nbsp;call wrapper</a> feature.</li>
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425 <li>It's safe to throw C++&nbsp;exceptions across non-protected Lua frames
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426 on the C&nbsp;stack. The contents of the C++&nbsp;exception object
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427 pass through unmodified.</li>
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428 <li>Lua errors can be caught on the C++ side with <tt>catch(...)</tt>.
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429 The corresponding Lua error message can be retrieved from the Lua stack.<br>
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430 For MSVC for Windows 64 bit this requires compilation of your C++ code
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431 with <tt>/EHa</tt>.</li>
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432 <li>Throwing Lua errors across C++ frames is safe. C++ destructors
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433 will be called.</li>
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434 </ul>
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435 <p>
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436 <b style="color: #c06000;">Limited interoperability</b> means:
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437 </p>
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438 <ul>
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439 <li>C++&nbsp;exceptions can be caught on the Lua side with <tt>pcall()</tt>,
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440 <tt>lua_pcall()</tt> etc.</li>
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441 <li>C++&nbsp;exceptions will be converted to the generic Lua error
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442 <tt>"C++&nbsp;exception"</tt>, unless you use the
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443 <a href="ext_c_api.html#mode_wrapcfunc">C&nbsp;call wrapper</a> feature.</li>
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444 <li>C++&nbsp;exceptions will be caught by non-protected Lua frames and
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445 are rethrown as a generic Lua error. The C++&nbsp;exception object will
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446 be destroyed.</li>
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447 <li>Lua errors <b>cannot</b> be caught on the C++ side.</li>
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448 <li>Throwing Lua errors across C++ frames will <b>not</b> call
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449 C++ destructors.</li>
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450 </ul>
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451
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452 <p>
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453 <b style="color: #a00000;">No interoperability</b> means:
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454 </p>
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455 <ul>
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456 <li>It's <b>not</b> safe to throw C++&nbsp;exceptions across Lua frames.</li>
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457 <li>C++&nbsp;exceptions <b>cannot</b> be caught on the Lua side.</li>
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458 <li>Lua errors <b>cannot</b> be caught on the C++ side.</li>
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459 <li>Throwing Lua errors across C++ frames will <b>not</b> call
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460 C++ destructors.</li>
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461 </ul>
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462 <br class="flush">
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463 </div>
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464 <div id="foot">
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465 <hr class="hide">
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466 Copyright &copy; 2005-2023
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467 <span class="noprint">
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468 &middot;
94705b5986b3 [ThirdParty] Added WRK and luajit for load testing.
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469 <a href="contact.html">Contact</a>
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470 </span>
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471 </div>
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472 </body>
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473 </html>