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annotate third_party/luajit/doc/ext_ffi.html @ 279:b3b547563ec7
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Co-authored-by: Copilot <[email protected]>
Copilot-Session: 84c338fd-0939-4bb3-b7f3-1062eb213e5d
| author | MrJuneJune <me@mrjunejune.com> |
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| date | Mon, 17 Aug 2026 22:22:36 -0700 |
| parents | 94705b5986b3 |
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1 <!DOCTYPE html> |
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2 <html> |
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3 <head> |
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4 <title>FFI Library</title> |
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5 <meta charset="utf-8"> |
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6 <meta name="Copyright" content="Copyright (C) 2005-2023"> |
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7 <meta name="Language" content="en"> |
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8 <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="bluequad.css" media="screen"> |
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9 <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="bluequad-print.css" media="print"> |
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10 </head> |
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11 <body> |
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12 <div id="site"> |
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13 <a href="https://luajit.org"><span>Lua<span id="logo">JIT</span></span></a> |
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14 </div> |
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15 <div id="head"> |
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16 <h1>FFI Library</h1> |
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17 </div> |
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18 <div id="nav"> |
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19 <ul><li> |
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20 <a href="luajit.html">LuaJIT</a> |
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21 <ul><li> |
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22 <a href="https://luajit.org/download.html">Download <span class="ext">»</span></a> |
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23 </li><li> |
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24 <a href="install.html">Installation</a> |
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25 </li><li> |
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26 <a href="running.html">Running</a> |
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27 </li></ul> |
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28 </li><li> |
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29 <a href="extensions.html">Extensions</a> |
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30 <ul><li> |
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31 <a class="current" href="ext_ffi.html">FFI Library</a> |
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32 <ul><li> |
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33 <a href="ext_ffi_tutorial.html">FFI Tutorial</a> |
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34 </li><li> |
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35 <a href="ext_ffi_api.html">ffi.* API</a> |
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36 </li><li> |
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37 <a href="ext_ffi_semantics.html">FFI Semantics</a> |
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38 </li></ul> |
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39 </li><li> |
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40 <a href="ext_buffer.html">String Buffers</a> |
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41 </li><li> |
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42 <a href="ext_jit.html">jit.* Library</a> |
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43 </li><li> |
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44 <a href="ext_c_api.html">Lua/C API</a> |
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45 </li><li> |
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46 <a href="ext_profiler.html">Profiler</a> |
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47 </li></ul> |
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48 </li><li> |
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49 <a href="https://luajit.org/status.html">Status <span class="ext">»</span></a> |
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50 </li><li> |
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51 <a href="https://luajit.org/faq.html">FAQ <span class="ext">»</span></a> |
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52 </li><li> |
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53 <a href="https://luajit.org/list.html">Mailing List <span class="ext">»</span></a> |
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54 </li></ul> |
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55 </div> |
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56 <div id="main"> |
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57 <p> |
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58 |
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59 The FFI library allows <b>calling external C functions</b> and |
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60 <b>using C data structures</b> from pure Lua code. |
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61 |
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62 </p> |
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63 <p> |
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64 |
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65 The FFI library largely obviates the need to write tedious manual |
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66 Lua/C bindings in C. No need to learn a separate binding language |
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67 — <b>it parses plain C declarations!</b> These can be |
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68 cut-n-pasted from C header files or reference manuals. It's up to |
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69 the task of binding large libraries without the need for dealing with |
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70 fragile binding generators. |
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71 |
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72 </p> |
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73 <p> |
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74 The FFI library is tightly integrated into LuaJIT (it's not available |
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75 as a separate module). The code generated by the JIT-compiler for |
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76 accesses to C data structures from Lua code is on par with the |
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77 code a C compiler would generate. Calls to C functions can |
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78 be inlined in JIT-compiled code, unlike calls to functions bound via |
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79 the classic Lua/C API. |
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80 </p> |
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81 <p> |
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82 This page gives a short introduction to the usage of the FFI library. |
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83 <em>Please use the FFI sub-topics in the navigation bar to learn more.</em> |
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84 </p> |
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85 |
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86 <h2 id="call">Motivating Example: Calling External C Functions</h2> |
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87 <p> |
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88 It's really easy to call an external C library function: |
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89 </p> |
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90 <pre class="code mark"> |
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91 <span class="codemark">① |
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92 ② |
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93 |
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94 |
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95 ③</span>local ffi = require("ffi") |
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96 ffi.cdef[[ |
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97 <span style="color:#00a000;">int printf(const char *fmt, ...);</span> |
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98 ]] |
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99 ffi.C.printf("Hello %s!", "world") |
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100 </pre> |
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101 <p> |
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102 So, let's pick that apart: |
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103 </p> |
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104 <p> |
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105 <span class="mark">①</span> Load the FFI library. |
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106 </p> |
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107 <p> |
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108 <span class="mark">②</span> Add a C declaration |
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109 for the function. The part inside the double-brackets (in green) is |
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110 just standard C syntax. |
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111 </p> |
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112 <p> |
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113 <span class="mark">③</span> Call the named |
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114 C function — Yes, it's that simple! |
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115 </p> |
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116 <p style="font-size: 8pt;"> |
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117 Actually, what goes on behind the scenes is far from simple: <span |
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118 style="color:#4040c0;">③</span> makes use of the standard |
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119 C library namespace <tt>ffi.C</tt>. Indexing this namespace with |
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120 a symbol name (<tt>"printf"</tt>) automatically binds it to the |
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121 standard C library. The result is a special kind of object which, |
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122 when called, runs the <tt>printf</tt> function. The arguments passed |
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123 to this function are automatically converted from Lua objects to the |
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124 corresponding C types. |
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125 </p> |
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126 <p> |
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127 Ok, so maybe the use of <tt>printf()</tt> wasn't such a spectacular |
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128 example. You could have done that with <tt>io.write()</tt> and |
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129 <tt>string.format()</tt>, too. But you get the idea ... |
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130 </p> |
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131 <p> |
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132 So here's something to pop up a message box on Windows: |
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133 </p> |
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134 <pre class="code"> |
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135 local ffi = require("ffi") |
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136 ffi.cdef[[ |
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137 <span style="color:#00a000;">int MessageBoxA(void *w, const char *txt, const char *cap, int type);</span> |
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138 ]] |
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139 ffi.C.MessageBoxA(nil, "Hello world!", "Test", 0) |
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140 </pre> |
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141 <p> |
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142 Bing! Again, that was far too easy, no? |
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143 </p> |
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144 <p style="font-size: 8pt;"> |
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145 Compare this with the effort required to bind that function using the |
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146 classic Lua/C API: create an extra C file, add a C function |
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147 that retrieves and checks the argument types passed from Lua and calls |
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148 the actual C function, add a list of module functions and their |
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149 names, add a <tt>luaopen_*</tt> function and register all module |
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150 functions, compile and link it into a shared library (DLL), move it to |
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151 the proper path, add Lua code that loads the module aaaand ... finally |
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152 call the binding function. Phew! |
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153 </p> |
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154 |
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155 <h2 id="cdata">Motivating Example: Using C Data Structures</h2> |
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156 <p> |
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157 The FFI library allows you to create and access C data |
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158 structures. Of course, the main use for this is for interfacing with |
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159 C functions. But they can be used stand-alone, too. |
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160 </p> |
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161 <p> |
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162 Lua is built upon high-level data types. They are flexible, extensible |
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163 and dynamic. That's why we all love Lua so much. Alas, this can be |
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164 inefficient for certain tasks, where you'd really want a low-level |
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165 data type. E.g. a large array of a fixed structure needs to be |
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166 implemented with a big table holding lots of tiny tables. This imposes |
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167 both a substantial memory overhead as well as a performance overhead. |
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168 </p> |
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169 <p> |
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170 Here's a sketch of a library that operates on color images, plus a |
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171 simple benchmark. First, the plain Lua version: |
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172 </p> |
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173 <pre class="code"> |
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174 local floor = math.floor |
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175 |
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176 local function image_ramp_green(n) |
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177 local img = {} |
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178 local f = 255/(n-1) |
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179 for i=1,n do |
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180 img[i] = { red = 0, green = floor((i-1)*f), blue = 0, alpha = 255 } |
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181 end |
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182 return img |
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183 end |
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184 |
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185 local function image_to_gray(img, n) |
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186 for i=1,n do |
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187 local y = floor(0.3*img[i].red + 0.59*img[i].green + 0.11*img[i].blue) |
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188 img[i].red = y; img[i].green = y; img[i].blue = y |
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189 end |
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190 end |
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191 |
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192 local N = 400*400 |
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193 local img = image_ramp_green(N) |
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194 for i=1,1000 do |
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195 image_to_gray(img, N) |
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196 end |
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197 </pre> |
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198 <p> |
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199 This creates a table with 160.000 pixels, each of which is a table |
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200 holding four number values in the range of 0-255. First, an image with |
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201 a green ramp is created (1D for simplicity), then the image is |
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202 converted to grayscale 1000 times. Yes, that's silly, but I was in |
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203 need of a simple example ... |
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204 </p> |
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205 <p> |
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206 And here's the FFI version. The modified parts have been marked in |
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207 bold: |
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208 </p> |
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209 <pre class="code mark"> |
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210 <span class="codemark">① |
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211 |
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212 |
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213 |
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214 |
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215 |
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216 ② |
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217 |
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218 ③ |
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219 ④ |
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220 |
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221 |
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222 |
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223 |
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224 |
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225 |
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226 ③ |
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227 ⑤</span><b>local ffi = require("ffi") |
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228 ffi.cdef[[ |
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229 </b><span style="color:#00a000;">typedef struct { uint8_t red, green, blue, alpha; } rgba_pixel;</span><b> |
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230 ]]</b> |
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231 |
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232 local function image_ramp_green(n) |
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233 <b>local img = ffi.new("rgba_pixel[?]", n)</b> |
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234 local f = 255/(n-1) |
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235 for i=<b>0,n-1</b> do |
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236 <b>img[i].green = i*f</b> |
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237 <b>img[i].alpha = 255</b> |
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238 end |
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239 return img |
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240 end |
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241 |
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242 local function image_to_grey(img, n) |
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243 for i=<b>0,n-1</b> do |
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244 local y = <b>0.3*img[i].red + 0.59*img[i].green + 0.11*img[i].blue</b> |
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245 img[i].red = y; img[i].green = y; img[i].blue = y |
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246 end |
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247 end |
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248 |
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249 local N = 400*400 |
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250 local img = image_ramp_green(N) |
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251 for i=1,1000 do |
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252 image_to_grey(img, N) |
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253 end |
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254 </pre> |
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255 <p> |
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256 Ok, so that wasn't too difficult: |
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257 </p> |
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258 <p> |
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259 <span class="mark">①</span> First, load the FFI |
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260 library and declare the low-level data type. Here we choose a |
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261 <tt>struct</tt> which holds four byte fields, one for each component |
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262 of a 4x8 bit RGBA pixel. |
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263 </p> |
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264 <p> |
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265 <span class="mark">②</span> Creating the data |
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266 structure with <tt>ffi.new()</tt> is straightforward — the |
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267 <tt>'?'</tt> is a placeholder for the number of elements of a |
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268 variable-length array. |
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269 </p> |
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270 <p> |
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271 <span class="mark">③</span> C arrays are |
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272 zero-based, so the indexes have to run from <tt>0</tt> to |
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273 <tt>n-1</tt>. One might want to allocate one more element instead to |
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274 simplify converting legacy code. |
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275 </p> |
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276 <p> |
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277 <span class="mark">④</span> Since <tt>ffi.new()</tt> |
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278 zero-fills the array by default, we only need to set the green and the |
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279 alpha fields. |
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280 </p> |
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281 <p> |
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282 <span class="mark">⑤</span> The calls to |
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283 <tt>math.floor()</tt> can be omitted here, because floating-point |
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284 numbers are already truncated towards zero when converting them to an |
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285 integer. This happens implicitly when the number is stored in the |
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286 fields of each pixel. |
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287 </p> |
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288 <p> |
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289 Now let's have a look at the impact of the changes: first, memory |
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290 consumption for the image is down from 22 Megabytes to |
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291 640 Kilobytes (400*400*4 bytes). That's a factor of 35x less! So, |
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292 yes, tables do have a noticeable overhead. BTW: The original program |
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293 would consume 40 Megabytes in plain Lua (on x64). |
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294 </p> |
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295 <p> |
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296 Next, performance: the pure Lua version runs in 9.57 seconds (52.9 |
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297 seconds with the Lua interpreter) and the FFI version runs in 0.48 |
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298 seconds on my machine (YMMV). That's a factor of 20x faster (110x |
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299 faster than the Lua interpreter). |
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300 </p> |
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301 <p style="font-size: 8pt;"> |
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302 The avid reader may notice that converting the pure Lua version over |
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303 to use array indexes for the colors (<tt>[1]</tt> instead of |
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304 <tt>.red</tt>, <tt>[2]</tt> instead of <tt>.green</tt> etc.) ought to |
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305 be more compact and faster. This is certainly true (by a factor of |
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306 ~1.7x). Switching to a struct-of-arrays would help, too. |
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307 </p> |
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308 <p style="font-size: 8pt;"> |
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309 However, the resulting code would be less idiomatic and rather |
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310 error-prone. And it still doesn't get even close to the performance of |
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311 the FFI version of the code. Also, high-level data structures cannot |
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312 be easily passed to other C functions, especially I/O functions, |
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313 without undue conversion penalties. |
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314 </p> |
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315 <br class="flush"> |
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316 </div> |
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317 <div id="foot"> |
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318 <hr class="hide"> |
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319 Copyright © 2005-2023 |
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320 <span class="noprint"> |
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321 · |
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322 <a href="contact.html">Contact</a> |
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323 </span> |
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324 </div> |
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325 </body> |
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326 </html> |